Translation

Note Packet

Translation - Handwritten

Lesson Topic Statement(s) and Objective(s) Activities
1 Overview

 2.7.U5:  Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes.

  • Define translation.

  • State the location of translation in the cell.

Central dogma where are we now slide

How DNA codes for proteins graphic reading

Scitable:  translation

Central dogma model (continues from unit 18)

Example of model in action (IG)
2 Genetic Code

2.7.U6:  The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code.

  • Outline the role of messenger RNA in translation.


2.7.U7:  Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide.

  • Define codon, redundant and degenerate as related to the genetic code.

  • Explain how using a 4 letters nucleic acid “language” can code for a “language” of 20 amino acid letters in proteins.


2.7.S1:  Use a table of the genetic code to deduce which codons correspond to which amino acids .

  • Use a genetic code table to deduce the mRNA codon(s) given the name of an amino acid.


2.7.S3:  Use a table of mRNA codons and their corresponding amino acids to deduce the sequence of amino acids coded by a short mRNA strand of known base sequence.

  • Use a genetic code table to determine the amino acid sequence coded for by a given antisense DNA sequence or an mRNA sequence.


2.7.S4:  Deducing the DNA base sequence for the mRNA strand.

  • Deduce the antisense DNA base sequence that was transcribed to produce a given mRNA sequence.

The genetic code notes

Genetic code practice worksheet

codon bingo

genetic code relay 

Science in the Classroom: 

Scitable:  genetic code

A&B:  Alphabet of Life

A&B:  Deciphering the genetic code

A&B:  evolution encoded

A&B:  Life With Longer Genetic Codes Seems Possible — but Less Likely
3 Ribosomes

7.3.S1:  The use of molecular visualization software to analyze the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and tRNA molecules.

  • Describe the structure of the ribosomes, including the small and large subunits and the names and roles of the tRNA binding sites.

  • Use molecular visualization software to view and identify the small and large subunit and tRNA binding sites of the ribosome.

  • Outline the structure of tRNA molecules.

  • Use molecular visualization software to view and identify the anticodon and amino acid binding site of a tRNA.


 7.3.U4:  Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell.

  • State the difference between free and bound ribosomes.

  • List destinations of proteins synthesized on free ribosomes.


 7.3.U5: Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or use in lysosomes.

  • List destinations of proteins synthesized on bound ribosomes.

  • Outline how a ribosome becomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.


7.3.S2:  Identification of polysomes in electron micrographs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

  • Outline the structure of a polysome.

  • Identify the beginning of an mRNA strand in a micrograph of polysomes.

Ribosome structure

A&B:  This Podcast will Kill You Ricin

(listen between 40:00 - 41:25)
4 Process

7.3.U1:  Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process.

  • Outline the process of translation initiation.


7.3.U2:  Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events.

  • Outline the process of translation elongation, including codon recognition, bond formation and translocation.

  • State the direction of movement of the ribosome along the mRNA molecule.


2.7.U8:  Translation depends on complementary base-pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA.

  • Outline the role of complementary base pairing between mRNA and tRNA in translation.


7.3.A1:  tRNA-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme-substrate specificity and the role of phosphorylation.

  • State the role of the tRNA activating enzymes.

  • Outline the process of attaching an amino acid to tRNA by the tRNA activating enzyme.


7.3.U3:  Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation.

  • Outline the process of translation termination, including the role of the stop codon.

Translation detail notes

POGIL translation

Amino acyl tRNA synthetase notes

Simulation of translation

NABT Shapring tRNA
5 Effect of Mutation

3.1.A1:  The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, a change to the base sequence of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin.

  • State the cause of sickle cell anemia, including the name of differences in the Hb alleles.

  • State the difference in amino acid sequences in transcription of normal and mutated Hb mRNA.

  • Outline the consequences of the Hb mutation on the impacted individual. 

Mutation notes

Mutation review slides

A&B:  Most 'silent' genetic mutations are harmful, not neutral -- a finding with broad implications

Belgian Blue and Sickle Cell mutations worksheet

Mutation practice

Mutations simulation

Sickle Cell Activities

Myosin mutation activity (answers)

Muscular Dystrophy Mutation Course Source

Cystic Fibrosis Mutations

A&B:  Persistent Problem of CF
6 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

7.3.U6:  Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.

  • Compare the timing and location of transcription and translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

  
7 Wrap Up and Review  

Protein Synthesis model Flip-Grid

Labeled diagram

Student review slides

Review slides

HHMI diagrams for ordering and explaining

Final knowledge audit

1-page summary

Kahoot review 1

Kahoot review 2

Kahoot review 3

Quizizz review